1. Separate claims from presentation

Good writing can make weak information feel stronger. Identify the factual claims that would matter if they were wrong.

2. Ask what evidence would settle the question

For current facts, prefer current primary or authoritative sources. For numbers, locate the original dataset or calculation where possible.

3. Check dates and definitions

Many apparent contradictions come from stale information, different jurisdictions or different definitions of the same term.

4. Recalculate important numbers

Do not assume a fluent explanation means arithmetic is correct. Recheck consequential calculations independently.

5. Match verification to risk

A brainstorming idea needs less checking than a financial, legal, medical or security decision. The higher the consequence, the stronger the verification should be.

THE HUMAN EDGE

AI can accelerate research. Trust should still be earned by evidence.